Since 1915 there have been fifteen Australians awarded the Nobel Prize. Image credit: Courtesy University College London, Weird and wonderful discoveries: ancient underwater volcanoes bristle with sea life. Australia. 1964 PROF ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH PROKHOROV. Each of Garner's works incorporates the style reminiscent of a fictional narrative novel, a stylistic device known as the non-fiction novel. Margaret Packham Hargrave (born 1941) A Woman of Air. [3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The Australian Patrick White has been awarded the 1973 Nobel Literature Prize for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature, as it says in Ruth Park wrote of the sectarian divisions of life in impoverished 1940s inner city Sydney (The Harp in the South). For working out the molecular structures of morphine, penicillin and synthesising topinone (a precursor to cocaine). The experience of Australian PoWs in the Pacific War is recounted by Nevil Shute in A Town Like Alice and in the autobiography of Sir Edward Dunlop. Australian language, letters and literature White followed The Tree of Man with Voss, which became the first winner of the Miles Franklin Award. Kenneth Cook's Wake in Fright (1961) portrayed the outback as a nightmare with a blazing sun, from which there is no escape. Although historically only a small proportion of Australia's population have lived outside the major cities, many of Australia's most distinctive stories and legends originate in the outback, in the drovers and squatters and people of the barren, dusty plains.[3]. Seventeen women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the second highest number of any of the Nobel Prizes behind the Nobel Peace Prize. French is also the author of the highly praised Diary of a Wombat (2003), which won awards such as the 2003 COOL Award and 2004 BILBY Award, among others. There have been seven years in which the Nobel Prize in Literature was not awarded (1914, 1918, 1935, 19401943). Adding to this impressive achievement is Johns own personal challenge; as a young child he was diagnosed with otosclerosis, leaving him completely deaf by the age of 20. This knowledge helped scientists invent new vaccines, deal with tissue rejection in organ transplant recipients and the treat auto-immune diseases, such as rheumatic conditions, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. [6] Sally Morgan's novel My Place was considered a breakthrough memoir in terms of bringing indigenous stories to wider notice. Ruth Hegarty (born 1929) Is That You Ruthie? The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Patrick White is the only Australian to have won the Nobel Prize for literature and his Nobel Prize citation states that he won the award for an epic and psychological narrative Australia Get incredible stories of extraordinary wildlife, enlightening discoveries and stunning destinations, delivered to your inbox. He turned down a knighthood, and various literary awardsbut in 1973 accepted the Nobel prize. [52] With its roots in Western Sydney it has a strong following from first and second generation Australians, often giving a platform to voices that are more marginalised in mainstream Australian society. For most people its not a problem. Scientists now think that something called dark energy may be pulling the universe apart. The term "grunge lit" and its use to categorize and market this diverse group of writers and authorial styles has bees the subject of debate and criticism. [38] Peter Carey has also won the Miles Franklin Award three times (Jack Maggs 1998; Oscar and Lucinda 1989; and Bliss 1981). "Grunge Fiction". [7] When he received the award in 1958, Russian-born Boris Pasternak was forced to publicly reject the award under pressure from the government of the Soviet Union. Leishman, Kirsty, 'Australian Grunge Literature and the Conflict between Literary Generations'. However, other kinds of publication, including new media and online journals, spoken word and live events, and public poetry projects are gaining an increasingly vibrant and popular presence. At one point, Lawson and Paterson contributed a series of verses to The Bulletin magazine in which they engaged in a literary debate about the nature of life in Australia. Anderson, Astley, Carey, Condon, Flanagan, Foster, Hall, Ireland, Jones, Kent, Malouf, Manning, McFarlane, Murnane, Murray, Oakley, Richardson, Sellars, Stead, Tsiolkas, Though not born in Australia, Shute spent his latter years there, and the book was set in Australia. Colin Thiele's novels reflected the life and times of rural and regional Australians in the 20th century, showing aspects of Australian life unknown to many city dwellers. Lasers are now used in everything from your CD player to supermarket barcode scanners, to eye surgery. We think the likely answer to this clue is [28] Other awards Tan has won include a World Fantasy Award for Best Artist,[29] and a Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist.[30]. Sir William Henry Bragg and his son Professor William Lawrence Bragg were awarded the Nobel Prizes for their work on X-ray crystallography, a method of identifying the composition and arrangement of atoms within a crystal. For providing the principals that led to the development of masers and lasers, Nobel Prize in Physics; awarded with Russian Dr Nicolai Gennadiyevich Basov and American Professor Charles Hard Townes. ), Maggie Alderson (born 1959) Pants on Fire (2000), Mad About the Boy (2002), Handbags and Gladrags (2004), Cents and Sensibility (2006), How to Break Your Own Heart (2008), Shall We Dance (2010), Evangeline: The Wish Keepers Helper (2011), Everything Changes But You (2012), James Aldridge (born 1918) Signed with Their Honour (1942), The Sea Eagle (1944), The Diplomat (1949), The Hunter (1950), Heroes of the Empty View (1954), I Wish He Would Not Die (1957), A Captive in the Land (1962), My Brother Tom (1966), The Untouchable Juli (1974), Mockery In Arms (1974), The Marvellous Mongolian (1974), One Last Glimpse (1977), Goodbye Un-America (1979), The Broken SaddleThe True Story of Lilli Stubeck (1984), The True Story of Spit Macphee (1986) (winner of the Guardian Prize and New South Wales Premiers Literary Award), The True Story of Lola Mackellar (Viking, 1992), The Girl from the Sea (2002), The Wings of Kitty St Clair (2006), Ethel Anderson (18831958) Indian Tales (1948), At Parramatta (1956), The Little Ghosts (1959), Jessica Anderson (19162010) An Ordinary Lunacy (1963), The Last Mans Head (1970), The Commandant (1975), The Impersonators (1980), Miles Franklin Literary Award winner in 1978 for Tirra Lirra by the River and in 1980 for The Impersonators), Taking Shelter (1989), One of the Wattle Birds (1994), Sarah Armstrong (born 1968) Miles Franklin Literary Award nominee 2005 (Salt Rain), Wayne Ashton (born 1959) Under a Tin-Grey Sari (2002), Equator: A Novel (2010), Thea Astley (19252004) Girl with a Monkey (1958), A Descant for Gossips (1960), The Well Dressed Explorer (1962), The Slow Natives (1965), A Boat Load of Home Folk (1968), The Acolyte (1972), A Kindness Cup (1974), An Item from the Late News (1982), Beachmasters (1985), Its Raining in Mango (1987), Reaching Tin River (1990), Vanishing Points (1992), Coda (1994), The Multiple Effects of Rainshadow (1996), Drylands (1999), Miles Franklin Literary Award winner in 1999 for Drylands, 1972 for The Acolyte, 1965 for The Slow Natives, and 1962 for The Well Dressed Explorer, Hugh Atkinson (19241994) The Pink and the Brown (1957), Low Company(1961), The Reckoning (1963), The Games (1968), The Most Savage Animal (1972), Johnny Horns (1972), The Man in the Middle (1973), Crack-up (1974), Weekend to Kill (1977), Unscheduled Flight (1978), The Manipulators (1978), Billy Two-Toes (1982), Greys Valley: The Legend (1986), A Twist in the Tale: Three Novellas (1991), Jumping Jeweller of Lavender Bay (1992), Louisa Atkinson (18341872) Gertrude the Emigrant: A Tale of Colonial Life by an Australian Lady (1857), Cowanda: The Veterans Grant: an Australian Story by the Author of Gertrude (1859), Debatable Ground of the Carlillawarra Claimants (1861), Myra (1864), Tom Hellicars Children (1871), Bush Home (? John Marsden (born 1950) Best known for the Tomorrow series. The first was handed out in1901 and since then 15 people who have spent significant parts of their life in Australia have been awarded the honour. Ruth Park (born 1923) The Harp in the South, Pyotr Patrushev (born 1942) Project Nirvana. Born in Atherton, Queensland, Prokhorov later returned to Russia, with his family, where he began studying physics. [20] In 1971, Southall won the Carnegie Medal for Josh. A loss for words: winning books hit the dust Other notable Australian novels converted to celluloid include: Paul Brickhill's The Great Escape; Pamela Lyndon Travers' Mary Poppins; Morris West's The Shoes of the Fisherman and Bryce Courtenay's The Power of One. Professor Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov shared with Charles Hard Townes and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov for fundamental work in the field of quantum [46] Some writers, like the Greek Australian Dimitris Tsaloumas, have published bilingually. His own literary works include the Dame Edna biographies My Gorgeous Life (1989) and Handling Edna (2010) and the autobiography My Life As Me: A Memoir (2002). Martin Boyd (18931972) was a distinguished memoirist, novelist and poet, whose works included social comedies and the serious reflections of a pacifist faced with a time of war. During its early Western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies; as such, its recognised literary tradition begins with and is linked to the broader tradition of English literature. For those who develop ulcers, however, the bacteria creates painful sores in the stomach walls. Oodgeroo Noonuccal (19201993) was a famous Aboriginal poet, writer and rights activist credited with publishing the first Aboriginal book of verse: We Are Going (1964). This led to the idea that you couldacquire immune tolerances, a fact that underlies almost every breakthrough in infectious disease control and tissue transplant. The journals of Charles Darwin contain the famous naturalist's first impressions of Australia, gained on his tour aboard the Beagle that inspired his writing of On the Origin of Species. For this he is known as the first Aboriginal author. Australia's support of literature has been Australia has migrant groups from many countries, and members of those communities (not always of the first generation) have produced Australian writing in a variety of languages. You'd have to have bats in your belfry to not sign up for this new citizen science project to save our species. Last year, the award went to Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on the plight of refugees and exile, colonialism and racism. A number of notable classic works by international writers deal with Australian subjects, among them D. H. Lawrence's Kangaroo. The 1944 Ern Malley affair led to an obscenity trial and is often blamed for the lack of modernist poetry in Australia. As of 2022, there have been 29 English-speaking laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature, followed by French with 16 laureates and German with 14 laureates and France has the highest number of Nobel laureates. His important works include The Tyranny of Distance (1966) and Triumph of the Nomads: A History of Ancient Australia (1975). Hiswriting style used humour, colourful prose, shifting narrative voices and a stream of consciousness techniques. Eminent Australian playwrights have included Ray Lawler, David Williamson, Alan Seymour and Nick Enright. [44] Carman's first work, a collection of interlinked semi-autobiographical short stories, explores the authentic experiences of working-class Australians in the suburbs, including issues such as drug addiction and a sense of disillusionment. In Australian literature, the term mateship has often been employed to denote an intensely loyal relationship of shared experience, mutual respect and unconditional assistance existing between friends (mates) in Australia. A generation of leading contemporary international writers who left Australia for Britain and the United States in the 1960s have remained regular and passionate contributors of Australian themed literary works throughout their careers including: Clive James, Robert Hughes, Barry Humphries, Geoffrey Robertson and Germaine Greer. A complicated, multi-faceted relationship to Australia is displayed in much Australian writing, often through writing about landscape. He helped work out themolecular structures of morphine, penicillin and synthesising topinone (a precursor to cocaine) and contributed to the development of many medicinal compounds including antimalarial drugs, painkillers and antibiotics. Peter Doherty and his Swedish colleague discovered a mechanism the immune system (via killer T cells) uses to know if an infected cell is one of its own or if its from another organism, such as a cell infected by a virus. Peter Doherty and his Swedish colleague discovered a mechanism the immune system (via killer T cells) uses to know if an infected cell is one of its own or if its from another organism, such as a cell infected by a virus. Professor Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov was jointly awarded a Nobel Prize for discovering how to nudge electrons around atoms into higher energy states which was the theory behind the creation of masers and laser devices (which produced highly focused energy waves). Sir Robert Robinson was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work with plant alkaloids and dyestuffs that were historically used by humans for medicinal and recreational purposes. Novelists of classic Australian works include Marcus Clarke (For the Term of His Natural Life), Miles Franklin (My Brilliant Career), Henry Handel Richardson (The Fortunes of Richard Mahony), Joseph Furphy (Such Is Life), Rolf Boldrewood (Robbery Under Arms) and Ruth Park (The Harp in the South). The theory wasnt confirmed until1953 when (Sir) Peter Medawar, Rupert Billingham and Leslie Brent, who shared in the Nobel Prize, showed this to be true in mice. 1915 SIR WILLIAM HENRY BRAGG AND PROF WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG. Differing interpretations of Aboriginal history are also the subject of contemporary debate in Australia, notably between the essayists Robert Manne and Keith Windschuttle. For providing the means to figuring out the structure of crystals. His writing style used humour, colourful prose, shifting narrative voices and a stream of consciousness techniques. AustralianProf Brian P Schmidt and Americans Dr Adam G Riess and Professor Saul Perlmutter, discovered that the expansion of the universe is speeding uprather than slowing down, as scientists had previously thought. He often credited his wife, fellow scientist Rita Harradence, as his most important collaborator and acknowledged her part in much of the work behind the discoveries. And, that is how wetreat heart disease today. He has twice won the Booker Prize with 1988's Oscar and Lucinda and 2001's True History of the Kelly Gang. Notable contemporary expatriate authors include the feminist Germaine Greer, art historian Robert Hughes and humorists Barry Humphries and Clive James.[1]. Born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 The prize was awarded to J. M. Coetzee "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider". In 2012, The Age reported that Text Publishing was releasing an Australian classics series in 2012, to address a "neglect of Australian literature" by universities and "British dominated" publishing housesciting out of print Miles Franklin award winners such as David Ireland's The Glass Canoe and Sumner Locke Elliott's Careful, He Might Hear You as key examples. Tuesday night (8 November) will be the last chance to see a Blood Moon in Australian skies until 2025. The crossword clue Only Australian to win the Nobel literature prize, in 1973 with 13 letters was last seen on the June 26, 2022. Embossed with Australian Animals, these premium notebooks make perfect gifts. For figuring how our nerves tell our muscles to move, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; awarded with Swedish Professor Ulf von Euler and American Dr Julius Axelrod. story that explores mind-provoking issues about what would have happened if Adolf Hitler had had a daughter. (See more in #122, p 121). Australia in the War of 19391945 is a 22 volume official history dedicated to Australia's Second World War efforts. Andrew McGahan's Praise (1992), Christos Tsiolkas's Loaded (1995), Justine Ettler's The River Ophelia (1995) and Brendan Cowell's How It Feels (2010) introduced a grunge lit, a type of 'gritty realism' take on questions of Australian identity in the 1990s, though an important precursor to such work came some years earlier with Helen Garner's Monkey Grip (1977), about a single mother living on and off with a male heroin addict in Melbourne share housing. [36] Colleen McCullough's The Thorn Birds, 1977, is Australia's highest selling novel and one of the biggest selling novels of all time with around 30 million copies sold by 2009. William Henry Braggs pioneering work developing X-ray spectrophotometers was built upon by his son William Lawrence Bragg, who used these techniques to study the atomic structure of crystals. [21] In 1986, Patricia Wrightson received the international Hans Christian Andersen Award. For finding the true cause of stomach ulcers, Nobel Prize in the Physiology or Medicine. Since 1915 there have been fifteen Australians awarded the Nobel Prize. This beautifully illustrated large-format calendar features 12 works of art by one of Australias finest wildlife artists, James Hough. [22], The Children's Book Council of Australia has presented annual awards for books of literary merit since 1946 and has other awards for outstanding contributions to Australian children's literature. [4] A ground-breaking memoir about the experiences of the Stolen Generations can be found in Sally Morgan's My Place. Before this, popular wisdom held that the pulling force of gravity would slow their trajectory, as well as the universes growth. Robert Hughes has produced a number of historical works on Australia (including The Art of Australia (1966) and The Fatal Shore (1987)). Careful, He Might Hear You by Sumner Locke Elliott won the Miles Franklin Award in 1963, and was the subject of a 1983 Australian film. To prove their point, they experimented on themselves; in 1984 Barry drank a glass of the bacteria and quickly developed the beginnings of gastritis. For figuring how our nerves tell muscles to move, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; awarded with British professors Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley. However, at the same time Australia was blessed with a competing, vibrant tradition of folk songs and ballads. Dennis wrote in the Australian vernacular ("The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke"), while McKellar wrote the iconic patriotic poem "My Country". The first poet to be published in Australia was Michael Massey Robinson (1744-1826), convict and public servant, whose odes appeared in The Sydney Gazette. [citation needed] Unable to find publication as a white Australian he was an instant success using the false Aboriginal identity of "Wanda Koolmatrie" with My Own Sweet Time. Because of Johns work in the 1940s, by the late 1970s scientists were able to find a way to slow the formation of cholesterol in the body. Barbara Baynton's short stories from the late 19th century/early 20th century convey people living in the bush, a landscape that is alive but also threatening and alienating. Nobel Prize in Physics; awarded with Russian Dr Nicolai Gennadiyevich Basov and American Professor Charles Hard Townes. This eventual wear and tear on our chromosomes is one of the reasons our bodies age. 1975 PROF JOHN CORNFORTH. During his early youth, he developed his literary interests which lasted throughout his life. History has been an important discipline in the development of Australian writing. This knowledge helped scientists invent new vaccines, deal with tissue rejection in organ transplant recipients and the treat auto-immune diseases, such as rheumatic conditions, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. After announcing their finding, the evidence to support their findings began mounting internationally. Michael Jacklin (University of Wollongong), "Desde Australia para todo el mundo hispano": Australia's Spanish-Language Magazines and Latin American/Australian Writing. These caps, with the help of an enzyme called telomerase, stop our chromosomes from deteriorating. List of Indigenous Women Writers, Copyright The Modern Novel 2015-2022 | WordPress website design by Applegreen. THE NOBEL PRIZES are among the worlds most prestigious awards. Significant poets of the 20th century included Dame Mary Gilmore, Kenneth Slessor, A. D. Hope and Judith Wright. Austrian author Peter Handke is pictured at his house, following the announcement he won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Literature, in Chaville, near Paris, Oct. 10, 2019. Among the best known contemporary poets are Les Murray and Bruce Dawe, whose poems are often studied in Australian high schools. Barry Humphries took his dadaist absurdist theatrical talents and pen to London in the 1960s, becoming an institution on British television and later attaining popularity in the USA. As far back as 1915 we laid claim to one of the youngest ever Nobel Laureates, 25-year-old Lawrence Bragg. Kalinda Ashton (born 1978) has been called a post-grunge writer, in part due to influences from grunge lit author Christos Tsiolkas. Leading Aboriginal activists Marcia Langton (First Australians, 2008) and Noel Pearson (Up from the Mission, 2009) are active contemporary contributors to Australian literature. Never destined for life on the land, he enrolled at Cambridge where he became a published poet. Ernaux, whose name has circulated in Nobel speculation for several years, is the 17th woman to win the prestigious prize, out of 119 literature laureates since the first Nobel was awarded in 1901. Eccles moved to Australia in 1937, and in 1952 he was appointed Professor of Physiology at the Australian National University. Christopher Kelen (born 1958) Also poet & artist, Thomas Keneally (born 1935) Schindlers Ark (1985) Booker Prize winner, filmed as Schindlers List; Bring Larks and Heroes (1967) and Three Cheers for the Paraclete (1968) Miles Franklin Award winners, Cate Kennedy (born 1963) The World Beneath, Christopher Koch (born 1932) The Doubleman (1985) and Highways to a War (1996) Miles Franklin Award winners, Justine Larbalestier young adult fantasy, Magic or Madness (2005), Kathy Lette (born 1958) Puberty Blues (1979) Girls Night Out (1988). [43] Grunge lit is often raw, explicit, and vulgar, even to the point of Ettler's The River Ophelia (1995) being called pornographic. David Ireland (born 1927) A Woman of the Future (1979), The Glass Canoe (1976) Miles Franklin Award. He worked closely with previous Australian Nobel Laureate Sir John Carew Eccles at the Sydney Medical School. He nonetheless graduated from the University of Sydney with first-class honours and went on to complete a doctorate at the University of Oxford in the UK. For figuring out how to produce penicillin. [1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Swedish Academy. Nobel Prize in Physics. As far back as 1915 Sir William Henry Bragg and Professor William Lawrence Bragg won Nobel Prizes in physics for helping to figure out the structure of crystals. James Phelan (born 1979) Literati, Fox Hunt, Patriot Act, Blood Oil. For providing the means to figuring out the structure of crystals. Tuesday night (8 November) will be the last chance to see a Blood Moon in Australian skies until 2025. Australian Novels For showing that you could make your immune system more tolerant. In the early-1980s DR J Robin Warren(MBBS) and Professor Barry Marshall proved that stress wasnt responsible for causing stomach ulcers in millions of people worldwide, as was commonly believed, but instead it was caused by a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. The 25 best Australian novels of the last 25 years Born in Traralgon, Victoria, Burnet went on to become the director of the Hall Institute and a professor of experimental medicine at the University of Melbourne. Norman Lindsay (18791969) The Magic Pudding. David Marr wrote of biography of White in 1991.[33]. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; awarded with Swedish Professor Ulf von Euler and American Dr Julius Axelrod. It was being pushed, which means that gravity is working differently than we expected, Brian said justafterhe won the award. Australian Geographic acknowledges the First Nations people of Australia as traditional custodians, and pay our respects to Elders past and present, and their stories and journeys that have lead us to where we are today. What We Talk About When We Talk About Australian Literature Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The play is based on Thomas Keneally's novel The Playmaker. Keida Kostreci. Today, stomach ulcers are treated with simple antibiotics. Pierre (born 1961) 2003 Booker Prize winner for Vernon God Little, Doris Pilkington Garimara (born 1937) Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, Dorothy Porter (19542008) Verse novels, The Monkeys Mask, Hal Porter (19111984) The Tilted Cross, Better known for memoir The Watcher on the Cast Iron Balcony. These include Italian, Greek, Arabic, Chinese, Vietnamese, Lao, Filipino, Latvian, Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Yiddish and Irish. Telomeres also thought to play a key role in cancers, such as pancreatic, bone, prostate, bladder, lung, kidney, and head and neck cancer. As of 2018[update] it contains over 42,000 poems, from more than 170 Australian poets. Australian writers who have obtained international renown include the Nobel-winning author Patrick White, as well as authors Christina Stead, David Malouf, Peter Carey, Bradley Trevor Greive, Thomas Keneally, Colleen McCullough, Nevil Shute and Morris West. They had all been looking at the seemingly tiny measurable movements of distant supernovae and both teams found these were accelerating as they moved away from the centre of the Big Bang (at the edge of the universe). It has been awarded posthumously once, to Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1931. They found out that young DNA is protected by little caps, called telomeres, at the end of our chromosomes. Sydney, NSW", 100 Objects, Mitchell Library Centenary Exhibition, "Beautiful award ceremony when Hartnett recieved [, "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1973 Patrick White", "White, Patrick Victor (Paddy) (19121990)", "Patrick White's rare first novel revived for a new audience", "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 J. M. Coetzee", "JM Coetzee becomes an Australian citizen", "The Thorn Birds' author on why she'll never write a sequel", "Miles Franklin Literary Award Past winners", http://angaelmagazine.com/inneacs/udar.asp?iAINM=colinryan, https://www.cic.ie/en/books/published-books/teachtaireacht. (1987); many of the stories were adapted as episodes of the award-winning television show Round the Twist. Nobel Prize in Chemistry. William Leonard Marshall (born 1944) Detective fiction. Gibbs' influence has lasted through the generations contemporary children's author Ursula Dubosarsky has cited Snugglepot and Cuddlepie as one of her favourite books. Ashton is the author of the novel The Danger Game. Among the first true works of literature produced in Australia were the accounts of the settlement of Sydney by Watkin Tench, a captain of the marines on the First Fleet to arrive in 1788. In 1642 Abel Janszoon Tasman landed in Tasmania and after examining notches cut at considerable distances on tree trunks, speculated that the newly discovered country must be peopled by giants. Contemporary Australian poetry is mostly published by small, independent book publishers. Wikisource has original works on the topic: "Alfred Nobel The Man Behind the Nobel Prize", "Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature | Nobel Prize in Literature", "Jean-Paul Sartre rejected Nobel prize in a letter to jury that arrived too late", "Bob Dylan removes mention of Nobel prize from website", "Nobel Prize winners: How many women have won awards? Nobel Prize in Literature. 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