It was only in the 15th century, when Jan Dugosz recorded that the Prince's tomb was in the Masovian Blessed Virgin Mary Cathedral in Pock. [22] In 1804, the Ukrainian language was banned from schools as a subject and language of instruction. By way of a domestic comparison, the post-Soviet economic decline was about half as severe as the economic catastrophe borne out of the immediate consequence of World War I, the fall of Tsarism, and the Russian Civil War. Putin's stand against oligarchs is generally popular with the Russian people, even though the jailing of Khodorkovsky was mainly seen as part of a takeover operation by government officials, according to another Levada-Center poll. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. K. Maleczyski: Bolesaw III Krzywousty, p. 318. The government used a system of free vouchers as a way to give mass privatization a jump-start. Protests were staged by groups of mainly ethnic Russians who opposed the events in Kyiv and wanted close ties or integration with Russia, in addition to expanded autonomy or possible independence for Crimea. In The Medieval City, edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, 1977, 328. [43] However further central and particularly western regions (who were never a part of Imperial Russia) of Ukraine show a less friendly attitude to the idea of a historic link to Russia[44][45][46][47] and the Soviet Union in particular.[48]. [35], In the 1990s, former Soviet bureaucrats, factory directors, aggressive businessmen and criminal organizations used insider deals, bribery and simple brute force in order to grab lucrative assets, which were previously state-owned. [10][failed verification] Neighbors began to venerate the statue, which came to be known as Our Lady Appeared, and devotion grew. On 2 October 2008, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin accused Ukraine of supplying arms to Georgia during the Russo-Georgian War. U.S. armed forces routinely conduct antidrug patrols in and around Haitis maritime limits and airspace. In the Roman Rite Catholic Liturgical Calendar approved for Brazil, the day of Our Lady Aparecida ranks as a solemnity, and is a holy day of obligation. [106][107][108][109] Responding to international concerns about Russia's legislation, Putin asked critics to note that the law was a "ban on the propaganda of pedophilia and homosexuality" and he stated that homosexual visitors to the 2014 Winter Olympics should "leave the children in peace" but denied there was any "professional, career or social discrimination" against homosexuals in Russia. See also K. Jasiski: K. Maleczyski points out that there is no way to resolve the issue of Sophia's parentage. India and its South Asian neighbors also have ancient dragon traditions. Ukraine is the world's eighth largest exporter of armaments according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, and according to analysts cited by The Washington Post, around 70% of Ukraine's defence-related exports flowed to Russia before 2014, or nearly US$1billion. [82], In 2007, "Dissenters' Marches" were organized by the opposition group The Other Russia,[83] led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and national-Bolshevist leader Eduard Limonov. [25][26] Karol Maleczyski refuted Balzer's date for the coronation of Vratislav II, the one given by Cosmas. As such, the Russian Federation was widely accepted as the USSR's successor state in diplomatic affairs and it assumed the USSR's permanent membership and veto in the UN Security Council (see Russia and the United Nations). Wikimedia CommonsBritain needs you at once, reads a British army recruitment poster from World War I, depicting a soldier slaying an evil dragon. 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Russian President Vladimir Putin, with a further 94% saying they had an unfavourable view of the Russian Armed Forces. "[99], On 2 December 2009, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Petro Poroshenko and Lavrov agreed on gradually abandoning the compilation of lists of individuals banned from entering their countries. On 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines flight 17 was shot down by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory in Ukraine. [307], The Reliquary of 1113 is an example of the artistic development during Bolesaw's rule; was made during the penitential journey to the tomb of Saint Adalbert in Gniezno Cathedral after the blinding of Zbigniew, according to the reports the Gallus Anonymous:[125], The Reliquary contained the head of Saint Adalbert. In 1123 his troops even reached Rgen, but failed to conquer it. Reasons. [20] Consequently, the decrease in production caused tremendous unemployment and underemployment. From "House of the Dragon" to "Stranger Things," take a look at the 50 best drama series today, according to IMDb users. Wikimedia CommonsIn this fourth-century ancient Egyptian sculpture, the god Horus slays Set, whos in the form of a crocodile. The bulk of Pomerania was, however, made an independent Pomeranian bishopric (whose first bishop, Adalbert, was one of the participants in the missionary expedition and former Polish royal chaplain[173][174]), set up in the territory of the Duchy of Pomerania in 1140, and, after Bolesaw died in 1138, the duchy became independent of Poland. In February 1134 Sobslav I of Bohemia and dignitaries of King Bla II of Hungary, together with Bishop Peter of Szkesfehrvr went to Altenburg, where they presented their allegations against the Polish ruler. Its aim was to nullify the Act of Legitimization. [101] An estimated 8,00020,000 protesters gathered in Moscow on 6 May,[102][103] when eighty people were injured in confrontations with police,[104] and 450 were arrested, with another 120 arrests taking place the following day. Military clashes between pro-Russian rebels (backed by Russian military) and the Armed Forces of Ukraine began in the Donbas region in April 2014. But for centuries, there was no connection between him and any kind of dragon story. A later visit of papal legate Gwalo, Bishop of Beauvais, put church matters into order and increased Bolesaw's influence. [127], No information survives about Zbigniew's death. Another reason is that domestic industries such as food processing have benefited from the devaluation, which caused a steep increase in the prices of imported goods. ", "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document', "The Russian Invasion of the Crimean Peninsula 20142015", "Setting Past Aside, Russia and Ukraine Sign Friendship Treaty", "Bound by treaty: Russia, Ukraine and Crimea", " -160, -95, ", 2001 Political sketches: too early for summing up, "Ukraine drive to keep Russian off buses", " ", "Russians want Sevastopol to belong to Russia, poll shows", "Almost fourth of Russians believe Ukraine is an enemy poll", "Press Conference Following Talks with Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero", "Russian Foreign Ministry says Russian language in Ukraine suffers from pressure", "Moscow Mayor calls on to take Crimea and Sevastopol from Ukraine", "Ukrainian politicians never went to Russia to violate its constitution Tarasiuk", "Russia bars entry to Ukrainian politicians", "Ukrainian radars withdrawn form operation in Russia's interests to undergo technical maintenance", "Presidential Secretariat gives answer to Moscow", "Ukrainian Armed Forces to implement Yushchenko's decree on Russian ships", "La crise gorgienne fait voler en clats la coalition orange Kiev", "Tymoshenko Bloc, OU-PSD, And Lytvyn Bloc Sign Rada Coalition Agreement", "Ukrainians deny giving wartime help to Georgia", " - ", "Biden Says U.S. However, the later fights between them made the provinces transformed into a hereditary domains. Browse through thousands of open-minded people: naked girls, guys, transsexuals and couples performing live sex shows. Columbus and his company had a brief skirmish with these cannibals on the island of Santa Cruz (St. Croix), one of the Virgin Islands. This, as well as the slow initial reaction to the event and especially to the offers of foreign aid in saving the crew, brought much criticism on the government and personally on President Putin. Thus, many credited him with the recovery, but his ability to withstand a sudden economic downturn has been untested. The Latin term milites, which had been used to determine the soldiers came to be called the category of knights and warriors who could afford to keep a horse. In 1130 Bolesaw controlled the areas situated on the left bank of the Oder river on the island of Rgen. Some sources report that the border began at the mouth of the rivers Warta and Oder in the west, running along the Note all the way to the Vistula. The writers of natural histories from the classical world, such as Herodotus, were then faced with the task of sifting through secondhand accounts, with some tolerance for reports of strange animals, but more skepticism toward odd hybrids. With the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies Bolesaw attacked Zbigniew's territory, beginning a civil war. Saint Nicholas Day, also called the Feast of Saint Nicholas, observed on 5 December or on 6 December in Western Christian countries, and on 19 December in Eastern Christian countries using the old church Calendar, is the feast day of Saint Nicholas of Myra; it falls within the season of Advent. After her death, Bolesaw married a German noblewoman, Salomea of Berg, which in some way was the cause of changes in Polish foreign policy: in the second half of his rule, the Prince sought to restore diplomatic relations with his western neighbor. K. Maleczyski: Stanisaw Szczur: Historia Polski: redniowiecze Krakow, 2008, pp.121. Some dragons seem aquatic, but the canonical European dragon isnt. MarseillesThe Arrival. The managers represented one of the most powerful collective interests in the country; it was the enterprise managers who could ensure that labor did not erupt in a massive wave of strikes. The first chapel was built in 1745.[5]. [27]:33 While the leaders agreed to formally dissolve the Soviet Union, the Russians wanted to create new suparanational structures to replace it, to the opposition of the Ukrainians. Until Zbyslava's death the relations between Poland and the Principality of GaliciaVolhynia remained friendly. [6][7] Ukraine broke diplomatic relations with Moscow in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Structural reform and a severe devaluation of the ruble lowered the standard of living for most segments of the Russian population. Putin has confronted several very influential oligarchs (Vladimir Gusinsky, Boris Berezovsky and Mikhail Khodorkovsky, in particular) who attained large stakes of state assets, allegedly through illegal schemes, during the privatization process. [244] Sources indicate that the original document about the succession was established in 1137. In some regions of Russia, at least half of the workforce was employed in defense plants (the comparable U.S. figures were roughly one-sixteenth of gross national product and about one of every sixteen in the workforce). It was estimated that one out of four Russian workers, or close on 20 million people, were not paid for months. [3], The fishermen named the statue Nossa Senhora da Conceio Aparecida (English: Our Lady of the Conception who appeared). [275] In the January 2015 survey, 19% wanted eastern Ukraine to become part of Russia and 43% wanted it to become an independent state. A deep credit crunch shut down many industries and brought about a protracted depression. The fishermen prayed to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception that God would grant a good catch. [4][12] The image was made around 1650, and must have been underwater for years, since it lost its original polychromy. According to a March 2021 survey by the Levada Center, 68% of Russians aged 1824 had favorable views on Ukraine. He covered all the rights of the duke, in relation to the subjects or property, the enforcement of a variety of benefits, dues and ministries. These were due to both the large tribute imposed by Poland as well as a plague that descended on Pomerania, which was blamed on Christianity. [28] After the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia made the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic made a similar declaration on 16th July 1991. R. Grodecki think that first division took place during the reign of Wadysaw I (in 109798) and the second after his death in 1102, under the arbitration of Archbishop Martin I of Gniezno. Russia opposed the expansion of NATO into the former Soviet bloc nations of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary in 1997 and, particularly, the second NATO expansion into Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004. and look after her family and neighbors, St. Anne modeled for the Virgin Mary a life of prayer, love, and humility. They are made of lead, a durable material, with a diameter of 3640mm. Other minor taxes involved hunting, military, guards (who custodied the grods), taxes on regalia and criminal penalties. [309][310], In December 2019, Ukraine and Russia agreed to implement a complete ceasefire in eastern Ukraine by the year-end. When I wrote the following pages, or rather the bulk of them, I lived alone, in the woods, a mile from any neighbor, in a house which I had built myself, on the shore of Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, and earned my living by the labor of my hands only. The Coronation was performed in the name and on behalf of Pope Pius X who granted this approval. The southern stretch of the country became known as the "red belt", underscoring the resilience of the Communist Party in elections since the breakup of the Soviet Union.[46]. Each medal is 2" in diameter, the perfect size for necklace pendants or key chain fobs. Official website of the Parish of St. Stephen in Warsaw: According to the researchers there was a pathological malformation, called. Social inequality has risen sharply since the 1990s with the Gini coefficient, for example, reaching 42% by the end of 2010. The official count was 147 dead,[37] 437 wounded (with several men killed and wounded on the presidential side). A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890, when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade Overall living standards are up. In the West, the reaction to Russia's handling of, or perhaps interference in, the Ukrainian election evoked echoes of the Cold War, but relations with the U.S. have remained stable. Twelfth-century sources didn't provide information about his place of burial. Among our common ancestors, individuals with an instinctive aversion to things that can kill you will, on average, survive longer and produce more offspring. Both corrections lead to the birth date of Bolesaw on 26 December. Discover the most anticipated prequels, sequels, and spin-offs coming to theaters and streaming. [189] Lavrov did add that Russian producers and the film industry should take into account "unfriendly attacks of foreign performers in Russia" when implementing cultural projects with them. The crime against Zbigniew and his penance for it show Bolesaw's great ambition as well as his ability to find political compromise. [182] In August, Russia announced that it would ban imports of Ukrainian agricultural goods starting January 2016. The ruler of Brazil at that time, Pedro I (born Prince Pedro de Alcantara), was named after Saint Peter of Alcantara. [125] On 18 March 2014, Russia and Crimea signed a treaty of accession of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in the Russian Federation, while the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a non-binding Resolution 68/262 to oppose Russia's annexation of the peninsula. Although disputes existed prior to the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, including speculation about the accidental shooting down of a Russian airliner by the Ukrainian military and the controversy over Tuzla Island, relations with Russia under the latter years of Leonid Kuchma's term improved. This privatization had been partial because the federal government had obtained ownership positions in several companies and had also retained full control over the transport of oil to lucrative world markets.[17]. [131], Before Bolesaw III began to expand in Gdask Pomerania (Pomerelia), he normalized his political relations with Bohemia in 1114 at a great convention on the border of the Nysa Kodzka river. [29][30][31] The country had 130 UR-100N intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) with six warheads each, 46 RT-23 Molodets ICBMs with ten warheads apiece, as well as 33 heavy bombers, totaling approximately 1,700 warheads remaining on Ukrainian territory. This ensured that he would be the political leader of the Russian successor state following dissolution. Although the Russian economy has improved significantly under Putin's leadership following relative economic chaos under Yeltsin, Putin has also been widely accused of corruption, authoritarian leadership, and widespread human rights abuses. It is celebrated as a Christian festival with particular regard to Saint Nicholas' This will not happen." The detailed description of Berthold of Zwiefalten was the only evidence of the cultural, artistic and religious development of the 12th-century Polish court:[306], The same source mentioned that the golden cross donated to the monastery was made by master Leopard, who worked for the Polish ruler during 112937. Judge Judy claimed that Justin Bieber avoided her when they were neighbors due to her comments about his legal issues. Meanwhile, life expectancy dropped for men from 64 years in 1990 to 57 years by 1994, while women's dropped from 74 to about 71. But going forward, Ukraine has a right to make its own choices, and we feel that it has a right to join NATO if it chooses. The towns in contrast possessed neither the apparatus nor the funds for the provision of basic social services. O n the 24th of February, 1815, the look-out at Notre-Dame de la Garde signalled the three-master, the Pharaon from Smyrna, Trieste, and Naples.. As usual, a pilot put off immediately, and rounding the Chteau dIf, got on board the vessel between Cape Morgiou and Rion island. . [98][99] While efforts to make the elections transparent were publicized, including the usage of webcams in polling stations, the vote was criticized by the Russian opposition and by international observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe for procedural irregularities. [124][125] Unlike the Azov incident a month earlier on 17 July 2013, the State Border Service of Ukraine handed over the citizens of Russia right back to the Russian authorities. Western creditors lost heavily, and a large part of Russia's fledgling banking sector was destroyed, since many banks had substantial dollar borrowings. [176][177] Fifteen more Russian TV channels were banned in March 2016. The Chronicle also explain many controversial events that were placed under the responsibility of the rulers, and give a full explanation about their policy. This was an honor granted only to sovereign rulers. [19] However, most researchers indicate that the coronation took place on 15 June 1085, so Judith could have been called Queen a year earlier. Following Yeltsin's resignation in 1999, Russia's politics have since been dominated by Vladimir Putin, serving as either President or Prime Minister. The saint's flag was the city's main war flag, but the cross flag was used alongside it in the 1240s. Haiti instituted universal suffrage in 1950, but most of its elections have been marred by ballot tampering. The global recession of 1998, which started with the Asian financial crisis in July 1997, exacerbated Russia's continuing economic crisis. The two Duvalier regimes (195786) terrorized and eliminated opponents with an armed group called the Volunteers for National Security, commonly known as the Tontons Macoutes (a Haitian Creole phrase meaning bogeymen); the group was formally disbanded in 1986, but its members continued to terrorize the populace. The fleet transported Polish troops to Rgen, but the intended battle on the island never happened, because, at the sight of the Polish-Danish combined forces, the defending Rani recognized Bolesaw's overlordship.[181]. The number of worshippers increased dramatically, and in 1834 work on a larger church was begun; this became known as the "Old Basilica" when work on the even larger "New Basilica" was started in 1955; it received pontifical approbation in 1980. Russia had already imposed import restrictions on certain Ukrainian products and Glazyev did not rule out further sanctions if the agreement was signed. [225], On 9 December 2021 an incident occurred involving the Ukrainian command ship Donbas, which had set sail from the port of Mariupol at 09:12 Moscow time, heading towards the Kerch Strait (shared internal waters of Russia and Ukraine, by treaty). Do NOT continue if: (i) you are not at least 18 years of age or the age of majority in each and every jurisdiction in which you will or may view the Sexually Explicit Material, whichever is higher (the "Age of Majority"), (ii) such material offends Bolesaw III Wrymouth (Polish: Bolesaw III Krzywousty; 20 August 1086 28 October 1138), also known as Boleslaus the Wry-mouthed, was the duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole of Poland between 1107 and 1138. This action caused outrage among supporters of Zbigniew, resulting in a political crisis in Poland. However, he was allowed to retain Masovia as a fief. [19][20] On the following day, Rede Globo's Jornal Nacional denounced the incident, causing a nationwide commotion. [208] However, Karol Maleczyski believed that he never existed, pointed that probably the sources who provided the year of 1105 as Wadysaw II's date of birth (Rocznik witokrzyski and Rocznik kapitulny) could be made a mistake. By 1113 the northern border had been strengthened, including the fortification of Santok, Wiele, Nako, Czarnkw, Ujcie and Wyszogrd. Closely related to the declining life expectancy, alcohol-related deaths skyrocketed 60% in the 1990s and deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases shot up 100%[citation needed], mainly because medicines were no longer affordable to the poor. [149] On 8 April 2014 an agreement was reached between Russia and Ukraine to return interned vessels to Ukraine and "for the withdrawal of an undisclosed number of Ukrainian aircraft seized in Crimea". Gripped by the chaos of the Soviet Union's ongoing dissolution, Chechnya initially operated as a de facto independent nation-though this status was never recognized by Russia. Yeltsin's campaign also got a boost from the announcement of a $10billion loan to the Russian government from the International Monetary Fund.[44]. Start chatting with amateurs, exhibitionists, pornstars w/ HD Video & Audio. Within them remained the Opole. [288], In September 2014, a survey by Alexei Navalny of the mainly Russophone cities of Odessa and Kharkiv found that 87% of residents wanted their region to stay in Ukraine, 3% wanted to join Russia, 2% wanted to join "Novorossiya," and 8% were undecided. Massive tax evasion continued and accelerated due to financial instability and decreasing government capacity. Nitroplus has since developed the character into a media franchise that includes music products, manga series, [308], During his rule, Bolesaw wanted the history of the Piast dynasty to be written. According to Gallus Anonymus, Bolesaw first fasted for forty days and made gifts to the poor: It's possible that Bolesaw decided to do this to rebuild his weakened authority and gain the favor of Zbigniew's supporters. Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. The growing revenue, however, has not been evenly distributed. Critics note that Joness theory requires more data to be proved or widely accepted, but its a compelling theory nonetheless. It also saw South Ossetia war against Georgia, that followed Georgia's attempt to take over the breakaway region of South Ossetia. ", In mid March, after a disputed local referendum, Russia recognized Crimea as a sovereign state[141][142] and proceeded to formally annex the peninsula. In The Medieval City, edited by Harry A. Miskimin, David Herlihy, and Adam L. Udovitch, 1977, 328. After appropriate consultation with Bolesaw, Bishop Otto set out on the first stage of Christianization of the region in 1124. He congratulated Yanukovych, followed shortly afterwards by Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko, on his victory before election results were even made official[63] and made statements opposing the rerun of the disputed second round of elections, won by Yanukovych, amid allegations of large-scale voting fraud. [312] On 29 October 2022, Russia said it was suspending its participation in the grain deal, in response to what it called a major Ukrainian drone attack on its Black Sea fleet.[314]. a recent [February 2019] poll conducted by the independent Russian research centre "Levada" shows that 77% of Ukrainians and 82% of Russians think positively of each other as people. If the arrondissement is located in a rather inaccessible rural area, the village and hamlet elders are likely to have more power than any appointed government official. Members of the Rostislavich branch of the Rurikid dynasty, Princes. Plasticrelated chemicals impact wildlife by entering niche environments and spreading through different species and food chains. [246][249] It consisted of Lesser Poland, Sieradz and czyca, the western part of Kruszwica and Kuyavia,[250][251] the eastern part of Greater Poland, Kalisz, Gniezno and Gdask Pomerania. A. N. Sherwin-White records that serious discussion of the reasons for Roman persecution of Christians began in 1890, when it produced "20 years of controversy" and three main opinions: first, there was the theory held by most French and Belgian scholars that "there was a general enactment, precisely formulated and valid for the whole empire, which forbade Cam4 couples cams feature couples showcasing numerous ways to have sex, and is a definite fan favorite cam show category. In 1995, facing severe fiscal deficit and in desperate need of funds for the 1996 presidential elections, the government of Boris Yeltsin adopted a "loans-for-share" scheme proposed by banker Vladimir Potanin and endorsed by Anatoly Chubais, then a deputy prime minister, whereby some of the largest state industrial assets (including state-owned shares in Norilsk Nickel, Yukos, Lukoil, Sibneft, Surgutneftegas, Novolipetsk Steel, and Mechel) were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. [249] In early June 2022, Ukrainian politician Mykhailo Podolyak said that up to 200 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in combat every day. The support translated into growing popularity for Putin, who had taken decisive action in Chechnya. 1806. Latest breaking news, including politics, crime and celebrity. Foreign investment rushed out of the country, and financial crisis triggered an unprecedented flight of capital from Russia.[56]. In his book, An Instinct for Dragons, anthropologist David E. Jones proposed that over millions of years, natural selection imprinted upon our primate ancestors a recognition of the form of the dragon. Architect Benedito Calixto designed a building in the form of a Greek cross. Unrest among the Cossacks caused them to rebel against the Commonwealth and seek union with Russia, with which they had similarities in culture, language, and religion. Its constitution was approved by referendum in 1987 but not actually put into effect until 1995, during Jean-Bertrand Aristides presidency. [72][73][74] Russia strongly opposed any prospect of Ukraine and Georgia becoming NATO members. The Polish prince took great care of the Hebrew Diaspora, as he understood its positive influence on the growth of the country's economy. [22] For example, former state enterprise managers were highly skilled at coping with the demands on them under the Soviet system of planned production targets, but discouraged the risk-and-reward centered behavior of market capitalism. This report is provided by Jan Dugosz and Archdeacon Sulger. [30] Estimates by the World Bank based on both macroeconomic data and surveys of household incomes and expenditures indicate that whereas 1.5% of the population was living in poverty (defined as income below the equivalent of $25 per month) in the late Soviet era, by mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of the population was living in poverty. [18] As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at very low prices. Santa Claus, also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, or simply Santa, is a legendary character originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring children gifts during the late evening and overnight hours on Christmas Eve of toys and candy or coal or nothing, depending on whether they are "naughty or nice".
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