As a result, even if no colour change occurs, this test can suggest that hydrolysis is complete. 19952022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Iodine Testing Method #3: Iodine Patch Test. Iodine may have other physiological functions in the body as well. LOINC values are provided by the performing laboratory. INTERPRETING IODINE PATCH TEST RESULTS. A polysaccharide is starch. The measurement of iodine serves as an index of adequate dietary intake and iodine overload, particularly from iodine-containing drugs such as Amiodarone. Your body uses iodine to make thyroid hormones. This test involves a 2 x 2 or 3 x 3 patch on your forearm, inner thigh, or abdomen with a 2 percent iodine tincture. If it is added to a sample that contains starch, such as the bread pictured above, the color changes to a deep blue. Use the size of the palm of the person that youre applying the iodine to. Step 1: Go to the pharmacy and purchase Tincture of Iodine-the original, orange-colored solution, not the clear solution. Everything You Need To Know, How Do Birds Mate? Janie uses Lugols in her morning drink. Another drawback is that starch hydrolysis occurs under acidic circumstances. These can be ordered off the net by searching for either. In professional use the repetitive contact with PI, also as soap, can cause iodine skin permeation that must be considered when the washing procedures are repeated more than 20 times a day. Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO Ab). Iodide is quickly and almost completely absorbed in the stomach and duodenum. Starch may be distinguished from monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other polysaccharides using the iodine test. However, iodine overdose has a toxic effect on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. How Do You Know Your Iodine Levels Are Low? (Unpublished Mayo method). This is a highly accurate test, although it can be inconvenient to obtain all urine samples for an entire day. Leung AM, Braverman LE: Consequences of excess iodine. Amylose is a water-insoluble starch component. Because Lugols iodine solution is light-sensitive, it should be kept in a dark amber-colored bottle in a dark location. Over time, this may result in hair loss. The steps of the Iodine Test are as follows: 1. The water-soluble part of starch is called amylopectin. Interpreting Iodine Patch Results. The formation of In ions is largely due to I3 chemistry. Patch disappears, or almost disappears in 18-24 hours - MILD. After ROATs in 22 of these 27 positively tested individuals, only one patient was diagnosed with iodine allergy. The presence of starch in a sample can be determined using an iodine test. T.R.U.E. 3 Discuss the results with your doctor in 5-7 days. Iodine patch test: The iodine patch test is a test where doctors paint a patch of iodine on your skin and check how it looks 24 hours later. Disinfectants (such as Betadine) that contain iodine should not be used during venipuncture. 6. Serious kidney damage can be caused by the iodine-containing dyes that doctors use to enhance the quality of medical scans. Carefully pour specimen into Mayo metal-free, polypropylene vial, avoiding transfer of the cellular components of blood. Getting high levels of iodine can cause some of the same symptoms as iodine deficiency, including goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). - Pregnant women are at a high risk of iodine deficiency. Everything You Need To Know, Why Do Birds Migrate? Loading yourself with 50mg of iodine in order to check your iodine status is . Blood iodine testing is performed to determine whether a patient has hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The Iodine test was used to determine the presence of starch in the sample presented. Apparently, I am severely depleted of iodine.I do have a lumpy goitre. There are no known analytical interferences with this procedure. Lastly, the iodine patch test also takes around 24 hours to complete, but its not as precise. Lugols comes in 2% and 5%. Glucose units in Amylose are connected by -1,4 glycosidic bonds. The iodine test is a chemical reaction-based identification test for starch. Lugols iodine. Patch Test - Why Iodine can change the world Patch Test There is a method floating around the internet for a long time, and even several books talking about applying a small patch of iodine to our skin and judging how iodine deficient we are depending how quickly we absorb it. Iodine in water, i.e., an aqueous solution of molecular iodine (I) and potassium iodide (KI), also known as Lugols iodine, is used for this test. Paint a 3-inch by 3-inch square on your abdomen, inner thigh or inner forearm. 2. As a result, the iodine colour on the benchtop is brown. Label two test tubes with the words test sample and control sample.. GOITER Without adequate iodine, the thyroid progressively enlarges (develops a goiter) as it tries to keep up with demand for thyroid hormone production. The most popular, besides most well researched, are either Lugol's liquid, or Iodoral pill form. The "test" of putting iodine on the skin to watch how fast it disappears is not an indicator of anything. It is secreted by the pituitary gland to control thyroid hormone production and secretion, thereby protecting the body from hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. 3. Values between 80 ng/mL and 250 ng/mL have been reported to indicate hyperthyroidism. Patch disappears, or almost disappears in 18-24 hours - MILD. . Be sure its the original orange colored solution and not the clear solution. for iodine. Learn more. The blue-black hue is not formed when starch is broken down or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrate units. Patch begins to slightly lighten after 24 hours NORMAL, 2. In-depth research on any test at your fingertips, all stored and tracked in one place. . INTERPRETING IODINE PATCH TEST RESULTS Overall, the faster the body draws in the iodine, the greater the iodine need is likely to be. Both monomers are made up of D-glucose subunits chemically. In some regions of the world, iodine-deficient soils are common, increasing the risk of iodine deficiency among people who consume foods primarily from those areas. The . What is the mechanism action of H. pylori? 2) Approximately 88% of the iodine evaporates . The lack of starch in the given sample, as indicated by the brown hue or no change in colour, indicates a negative iodine test. Monitor the patch for the next 18-24 hours. In rare cases, the person needs a second or third dose of radioactive iodine. To summarize the results of . When iodine and starch are dissolved together in water, gooey starch . Iodine Testing Method 4: Serum/saliva ratio test shows the degree of use of iodine in the cell. When hot water is added to the mixture, it does not gel. Understand and improve your laboratory results with our health dashboard. There are so many factors to this. Thyroid function is primarily regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), also known as thyrotropin. 40 - 92 mcg/L. These are available at most pharmacies and drug stores, as well as online here. Its a mixture of molecular iodine (5%) and potassium iodide in an aqueous solution (10 percent). i tried this test too- i placed the bandaids with iodine ( 2 of them) next to my suspected DH patch. Iodine is an essential element that is required for thyroid hormone production. 1. Getting a very large dose of iodine (several grams, for example) can cause burning of the mouth, throat, and stomach; fever; stomach pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; weak pulse; and coma. from publication: Postsurgical Contact Dermatitis due to Povidone Iodine: A Diagnostic Dilemma | We present 7 cases of . 1. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, Adiponectin, Albumin/Creatinine Ratio, Random Urine, C-Peptide, Serum, Ceruloplasmin, Cyclic AMP, Plasma, Dihydrotestosterone (female), Dihydrotestosterone (male), Estimated Average Glucose (eAG), Free Androgen Index, Free testosterone, Free Testosterone, Direct (Female), Free Testosterone, Direct (Male), Free Thyroxine, Free Thyroxine Index, Fructosamine, Glucose, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Homocysteine, Insulin (Fasting), Insulin Antibody, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-1), Iodine, Serum/Plasma, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Serum, Pregnenolone, Reverse T3, Serum, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG), T3, Free, T4, Free, T4, Total (Thyroxine), T7 Index, Testosterone, Testosterone (Female/Child), Testosterone, Serum (Female), Thyroglobulin, Thyroglobulin Antibodies, Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (Anti-TPO Ab), Thyroid Stim Immunoglobulin, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyrotropin Receptor Ab, Serum, Thyroxine-binding globulin, TBG, TMAO (Trimethylamine N-oxide), Total T3, Tri iodothyronine (T3) Uptake, Triiodothyronine, Serum. These dyes are called contrast agents, and are usually given intravenously before a CT scan, angiogram or other test. The recommended daily limit for iodine intake is 150 micrograms for men and non-pregnant women. When you wake up, you will notice the color has changed. The more you learn about your mind and body, how they work and what is beneficial to you the easier it is to create the life that you want. In the absence of sufficient iodine, TSH levels remain elevated, leading to goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland that reflects the bodys attempt to trap more iodine from the circulation and produce thyroid hormones. 3. Iodine in food and iodized salt is present in several chemical forms including sodium and potassium salts, inorganic iodine, iodate, and iodide, the reduced form of iodine. Optimal Result: It is a "test" as well as a "treatment". This test was developed, and its performance characteristics determined by Mayo Clinic in a manner consistent with CLIA requirements. Uses of Iodine Test This test is used to detect the presence of starch in various samples. 3. Where is H. pylori most commonly found in the world? Then just use the dropper or a roller ball and apply the iodine directly to the skin. At HealthMatters, we're committed to maintaining the security and confidentiality of your personal information. TSH secretion increases thyroidal uptake of iodine and stimulates the synthesis and release of T3 and T4. All data is backed up multiple times a day and encrypted using SSL certificates. It also helps to distinguish between mono or disaccharides from polysaccharides (glycogen, dextrin, and amylase). Iodine Test Using iodine to test for the presence of starch is a common experiment. Patch disappears, or almost disappears in 18-24 hours MILD, 3. Iodoral 12.5 mg: 1 per day x 3 weeks then 1 tab 3x weekly-decreasing gradually. You need to use the orange colored iodine solution rather than the clear type. Iodine Testing Method #2: Blood test. 2. Consumption of foods that contain goitrogens, substances that interfere with the uptake of iodine in the thyroid, can exacerbate iodine deficiency [2]. the report shows your levels as being severe, moderate, mild iodine deficiency disorder or not as having a deficiency. Everything You Need To Know, How Do Birds Eat? Thyroid hormones regulate many important biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and enzymatic activity, and are critical determinants of metabolic activity. As a result, potassium iodide is utilised in the preparation of the laboratory reagent. instead of buying the 2% tincture? Polyiodide chains are formed as a result of the interaction between starch and iodine. Identify a Baby Cockroach, Germ Cells: Definition, Features, and Functions, Microscope, Microscope Parts, Labeled Diagram, and Functions, Mature mRNA: Definition, Features, and Functions, Booby Bird: Description, Habitat, & Fun Facts, Chinese Geese: Description, Habitat, & Fun Facts, Chinstrap Penguin: Description, Habitat, & Fun Facts, Common Buzzard: Description, Habitat, & Fun Facts, Cockatoo: Description, Habitat, & Fun Facts. Glucose units in Amylopectin are linked together by -1,6 glycosidic connections. Iodine patch test: The iodine patch test is a test where doctors paint a patch of iodine on your skin and check how it looks 24 hours later. To distinguish between starch, glycogen, and carbs, the iodine test is employed. 1. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Iodine molecule, also known as molecular iodine or I2, is insoluble in water. The D-glucose unit in Amylose and Amylopectin, on the other hand, is positioned differently. reports can include levels and urinary iodine and creatinine. 2. The intensity of the blue colour reduces as the temperature rises when water-miscible solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and others are present. The earths soils contain varying amounts of iodine, which in turn affects the iodine content of crops. If the patch still exits after 24 hours, the results are normal. High iodine intakes can also cause thyroid gland inflammation and thyroid cancer. The faster the yellow color of iodine disappears from the skin, the more iodine deficient the person tested; and vise versa, if the yellow color lingers, the more sufficient in iodine the person tested. Iodine Patch Test - Natural Health Techniques Iodine Patch Test Uncategorized This is another test you can do at home to test whether or not you are low in iodine, which leads to hypothyroidism. What is the association between H. pylori and development of. Patch begins to slightly lighten after 24 hours--NORMAL 2. Plain, royal blue-top Vacutainer plastic trace element blood collection tube, 7-mL Mayo metal-free, screw-capped, polypropylene vial, Trace Metals Analysis Specimen Collection and Transport, Clients without access to Test Prices can contact, Prospective clients should contact their Regional Manager. Apply the iodine to your inner forearm, your inner thigh or your stomach. , Unexpected Weight Gain. In this report, we present a patient who developed retinopathy following consumption of an excessive dose of iodine. It also aids in the differentiation of mono- and disaccharides from polysaccharides (glycogen, dextrin, and amylase). -Swelling in the front of the neck is the most common symptom of an iodine deficiency. 2. 1. While most iodine solutions have an orange tint, some are clear. Interpret your laboratory results instantly with us. TEST is sold in boxes of 5 patch test units (5 each of Panel 1.3, 2.3 and 3.3) for patch testing 5 patients. These levels do not apply to people who are taking iodine for medical reasons under the care of a doctor. This test can be used to determine whether or not a sample contains starch. The starch hydrolysis test follows the same principles as the iodine test. For those who are not iodine. Everything You Need To Know, What Do Baby Birds Eat? Not even iodized salt, my regular GP said. Elsevier; 2018, 3. Dr. Carolyn Dean's Re-Myte (12 minerals; 9 of which are thyroid specific) Here are the links I think you should take a look at: . Potatoes and cereals contain a lot of starch (oats, barley, rice, wheat). 2. Iodine Patch Test (will help determine if you are . Result and Interpretation of Iodine Test The appearance of a blue-black or purple color represents a positive test, indicating the presence of starch. -Feeling cold is a common symptom of an iodine deficiency. Sometimes, that can happen in less than 12 hours, and this will indicate a serious or severe deficit. The helical structure of the amylose-iodine complex is reconstructed when the temperature decreases, resulting in the regeneration of the blue-black colour complex. Iodine solution is brown in colour and should be kept in a dark place. This seems to be an accurate way to test the iodine levels, but the problem is that most labs don't do such testing. In the iodine skin test, people apply a colored liquid form of iodine like Betadine to the skin. Everything You Need To Know, How Do Birds Communicate With Each Other? And #3. Results: In 27/95 (28.4%) patients, we found positive reactions to one of the four test preparations. In the clean and dried test tube designated as the control sample, pour 1 mL of purified water. values for the order and results codes of this test. Make note of your iodine results in micrograms (mcg) per Liter (L). Iodine is a trace element that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. . This is a general test which can help determine whether someone is deficient in iodine. Iodine rarely occurs as the element, but rather as a salt; for this reason, it is referred to as iodide and not iodine. Allow specimen to clot for 30 minutes; then centrifuge the specimen to separate serum from the cellular fraction. The presence of starch in the sample is shown by the emergence of a blue-black tint, indicating a positive iodine test. In solution, iodide ions combine to generate triiodide ions (I3), which then associate to make polyiodide ions (In). That being said, here are the steps to perform it: Get a solution or tincture of iodine (the orange solution, not the clear one. Nat Rev Endocrinol. Low selenium and iodine levels may contribute to the development of anxiety and depression, independent of thyroid functions, in patients with ENG. Tincture of Iodine is available from any drugstore or pharmacy. 3. Is it healthier to drink herbal tea hot or cold? Your doctor should call you once they have your test results. A solution of iodine (I2) and potassium iodide (KI) in water has a light orange-brown color. T.R.U.E. -Fatigue and weakness are also common symptoms of an iodine deficiency. We've put industry-leading security standards in place to help protect against the loss, misuse, or alteration of the information under our control. The measurement of iodine serves as an index of adequate dietary iodine intake and iodine overload, particularly from iodine-containing drugs such as amiodarone. Therefore, those who have iodine deficiency or are at risk of deficiency may need to source iodine elsewhere if using pink salt instead of table salt. The iodine test is a starch-specific characteristic test. I would stick with the iodine tincture to . Comparison of the Accuracy of Papanicolaou Test Cytology, Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid, and Visual Inspection With Lugol Iodine in Screening for Cervical Neoplasia in Southeast Nigeria. We use procedural, physical, and electronic security methods designed to prevent unauthorized people from getting access to this information. One drop of the 5% equals 6.25 mg iodine. This confirms presence of starch. Everything You Need To Know, MTT Assay Protocol for Cell Viability and Proliferation, Iodine Test: Definition, Principle, & Results, Lecithinase Test: Result, Principle, Procedure, and Reagents, Microdase Test: Result, Principle, Procedure, and Reagents, Malonate Test: Result, Principle, Procedure, and Reagents, Hypotonic Solution : Definition and Examples, Hypertonic Solution : Definition and Examples, Down Syndrome : Symptoms, Causes, and Features, What Does a Baby Cockroach Look Like? The iodine patch test is a simple general test that can check for iodine deficiency. This test has not been cleared or approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. If the patch disappears or mostly disappears in less than 24 hours, it is supposed to indicate some degree of deficiency. Because the amylose-iodine combination dissociates when the temperature rises, this is the case. Monitor the patch over the next 24 hours for color changes. To summarize the results of their experiments: 1) Free iodine penetrates through the unbroken skin. This should be either on your stomach, under your forearm or inner thigh where material won't rub on it. Iodine Patch Test. 1. Your health care professional will request these tests. Procedure for Iodine Patch Test Before you go to bed, paint a half dollar size of iodine onto clean dry skin. The rationale is that if your body needs iodine, you will absorb it more quickly. The test is susceptible to temperature changes. Determination of iodine overload using serum specimens Monitoring iodine levels in individuals taking iodine-containing drugs MayoACCESS . Lugols iodine, also known as aqueous iodine and strong iodine solution, is a solution of potassium iodide with iodine in water. Keep an eye on the colour changes in both test tubes. As a result, an IKI indicator can be used to certify the presence of starch. Iodine is found in very few foods, which is one reason why deficiency is common. Wait for 24 hours. 1-48 of 416 results for "iodine test" RESULTS Seachem MultiTest Iodine and Iodide Test Kit 72 $1897 $23.44 Get it as soon as Tue, Oct 11 FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon Subscribe & Save $1897 Save more with Subscribe & Save First Delivery Thu, Oct 13 (the 2% tincture can be found at your local pharmacy - be sure it is not a clear solution) The normal (expected) result is that the iodine net should be slightly visible in about 24 hours after you made an iodine net on your skin. 4. Although pink Himalayan salt may naturally contain some iodine, it most likely contains less iodine than iodized salt. Accessed November 25, 2020. 6th ed. Iodine patch test: The iodine patch test is a test where doctors paint a patch of iodine on your skin and check how it looks 24 hours later. 5. The iodine disappearance rate is unrelated to thyroid disease or even iodine content of the body. Iodine solution does not produce a blue colour. Depending on the results of these tests and the patient's symptoms, a doctor may need to perform additional tests like a TSH test to determine thyroid hormone levels and how they may have been affected by low levels of iodine. 4. This test helps to identify the presence of starch in a sample. Unexpected weight gain is another sign of an iodine deficiency. Youll often see a marked increase in energy within the first month. A Graves' Thyroid Disease sufferer and her iodine patch test trials and tribulations. 3. 1993 May;46(5):453-455, 2. Our internal code of conduct adds additional privacy protection. -Unexpected weight gain is another sign of an iodine deficiency. The information on healthmatters.io is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice. Overall, the faster the body draws in the iodine, the greater the iodine need is likely to be. The human eye perceives the complementary hue to the light energy absorbed by the charge transfer complex as a blue-black colour. Can Helicobacter pylori be caused by stress? It has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with efficacy against bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses and can be used to treat both acute and chronic wounds1. When iodide enters the circulation, the thyroid gland concentrates it in appropriate amounts for thyroid hormone synthesis and most of the remaining amount is excreted in the urine. However, electrons absorb light energy and are stimulated to a higher energy level in the charge transfer complex of polyiodide ions and Amylose. The iodine skin patch test consists of applying iodine solution to a small area of the arm, leg, or abdomen. With this test, your physician will paint a patch of skin with iodine and observe how quickly the body absorbs it. What was the Negative Controls of the Iodine Test procedure? 7. As a result, the iodine test will not work with acidic samples. Its worth noting that this is also referred to as the IKI solution. THE MORE QUICKLY THE IODINE PATCH DISAPPEARS, DETERMINES THE IODINE INSUFFICIENCY. Determination of iodine overload using serum specimens, Monitoring iodine levels in individuals taking iodine-containing drugs, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most healthy adults need 150 mcg per day, but pregnant and lactating women need more to meet the needs of their growing babies. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Toxicological Profile for Iodine. i was afraid cause i only did an hour that it wouldnt work- but i did get a few more DH blisters a day later. Adequate levels are required to enable the production of T3 and T4 thyroid hormones, whilst also being required in other areas of health. Iodine can be absorbed through intact skin in time dependent manner. Iodine patch test: The iodine patch test is a test where doctors paint a patch of iodine on your skin and check how it looks 24 hours later. Charge donors, these polyiodide ions form a combination with Amylose. When Sleep Issues Prevent You from Achieving Greatness, Taking Tests in a Heat Wave is Not So Hot, Urine test: This is the simplest and fastest test. It is a medication and disinfectant used for a number of purposes. Download scientific diagram | Patch Test Results in the Study Cases. Limitations Of Iodine Test Iodine in larger amounts can cause metallic taste, soreness of teeth and gums, burning in mouth and throat, increased saliva, throat inflammation, stomach upset, diarrhea, wasting, depression, skin problems, and many other side effects. 4. Comparison of the Accuracy of Papanicolaou Test Cytology, Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid, and Visual Inspection With Lugol, Do All Birds Migrate? Swelling in the Neck. Use a palm size amount of iodine. It commonly takes about 5-7 days for the lab at your doctor's office to process your test and complete your report. one part of my skin was actually BURNED & peeling & raw. All Rights Reserved. The iodine test is a chemical reaction-based identification test for starch. (1-2) Meticulous research by Nyiri and Jannitti in 1932 showed clearly when iodine is applied to the skin in almost any form, 50% . Additionally, most table salt has been iodized, providing an easy way to add iodine to your meals. ANSWER Povidone iodine is really a 10% SOLUTION with Citric Acid , Glycerin , Makon 8, Purified Water, Sodium Hydroxide so it really doesn't give you a true test of iodine absorption when all these other ingredients are in the mix. Skin patch test. -An iodine deficiency may affect your ability to learn and remember. The area you apply it to should be a square shape of around 3 by 3 inches. 2014 Mar;10(3):136-142. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.251, 4. Worldwide, iodine deficiency is the most common cause of thyroid enlargement and goiter (see goiter brochure). Iodoral is measured into 12.5 and 50 mg tablets. In another study from 2005, various iodine preparations were investigated in patch tests in 24 healthy volunteers without suspicion of iodine allergy. Interpret your laboratory results instantly with us. Share on Pinterest. Amylose (10-20%) and Amylopectin (10-20%) are the two monomeric components found in natural starch (80-90 percent ). First off, let me begin by saying that in all my research on the subject of whether or not iodine should be supplemented in someone with this particular autoimmune disorder, I can only say that there is no definitive answer. Usually, thyroid hormone levels return to normal in 8 to 12 weeks. Negative Test: A negative test is indicated by no change in color of iodine solution. The measurement of iodine serves as an index of adequate dietary intake and iodine overload, particularly from iodine-containing drugs such as Amiodarone. Administration of iodine-containing contrast media will yield elevated results. Normal Reports | See our Privacy Policy for more details. i only lasted an hour- because of the burn. Iodine is a highly effective topical antimicrobial that has been used clinically in the treatment of wounds for more than 170 years. 3 Here, the tests were performed with iodine in petrolatum (0.5%, 1%, 5%, and 10%), iodine in 70% isopropyl alcohol (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%), and PVP-I in water (1%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%). To both test tubes, add 2-3 drops of Lugols iodine solution and thoroughly mix with a vortex mixer. Luckily, deficiency is easy to prevent. Allow it to dry before touching anything else, especially clothing as the iodine will stain. Upload your lab report and well interpret and provide you with recomendations today. Patch disappears, or almost disappears in 12-18 hours MODERATE, 4. How does iodine react with starch? J Clin Pathol. No fasting is required prior to the test, and results will be available within two to three days. Observe the coloration of the patch over the next 24 hours.
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