Well send you a link to a feedback form. These factors can occur in multiple domains, such as individual (teens attitude), family (poverty status), and community (available resources).1. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 514 teenagers in Wogedi, northeast Ethiopia . This transition can be challenging for youth, especially youth who have grown up in the child welfare system. Friends have a strong influence on an adolescent's attitude and behavior during adolescence. Religion has shown mixed results. Pregnancy rate and risk behaviors among female adolescents in Vitoria, Brazil. From micro-to macro-level studies, several factors are found to be associated with adolescents' health, especially their pregnancy. (2007) have analyzed factors associated with teenage pregnancy through systematic review, but they only examined EU member states. The results suggest that the higher rate of teenage pregnancy among girls with early conduct problems reflected both their relatively disadvantaged family backgrounds and their tendencies to risk taking behavior in adolescence. Adolescent sexual behavior in two ethnic minority groups: A multisystem perspective. During 2003-2004, the period of greatest economic stress, race was determined to be the only predictor of teenage pregnancy, and during 2005-2006, the reduction in pregnancy rates for Black minors (15-17) fell below those for White minors within their respective SES categories. Family psychosocial characteristics, tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, and teenage pregnancy. With . Risks Associated with Teenage Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy is associated with various risks that can potentially harm both mother and her baby. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. Several studies have revealed that adolescents who engage in transactional sex for economic gains from older partners have more risks of being pregnant (e.g., Kanku & Mash, 2010; Ochiogu, Miettola, Ilika, & Vaskilampi, 2011). Key risk factors include living in poverty, limited maternal educational achievement, and having a mother who gave birth before the age of 20.2 Additional risk factors include being from a single-parent home, living in a home with frequent family conflict, early sexual activity, early use of alcohol and drugs, and low self-esteem.3 Lastly, a teens race and ethnicity can be a risk factor for teen pregnancy. Often, teens don't get prenatal care soon enough, which can lead to problems later on. Low and middle-income countries, Systematic review, Adolescent pregnancy, Adolescent birth, Risk and protective factors. Context: Teenage birth and infant mortality rates are major concerns for the United States. 4. Youth who receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA 2004) and especially young adults of transition age, should be involved in planning for life after high school as early as possible and no later than age 16. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. There are also steps you can take to decrease your chances of experiencing any of these conditions. The possible reasons for the result are discussed in the Discussion section. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. Other studies have also presented a positive relationship between adolescent pregnancy and her mother's pregnancy before age 20 (Almeida & Aquino, 2009; Gigante et al., 2004). Several factors have mixed and complicated associations with teenage pregnancy. In Sri Lanka, Moor ethnic is a protective factor against adolescent pregnancy compared to Sinhalese and Tamils (Rajapaksa-Hewageegana, Salway, Piercy, & Samarage, 2014). Other risk factors for pregnancy prakashRenu1 Introduction to Maternal and Child Health Prabita Shrestha Issues in Adolescent Health Universiti Malaysia Sabah Child mortality Arun kumar Chapter two maternal and child health care Abdulkadir Ahmed Zero Trimester CONSULTANT IN OBGYN, ODISHA ,INDIA Infant Mortality Rate by Sumayya Naseem 5th July, 2013 Different literature reported that factors associated with teenage pregnancy include living in rural areas, not attending school, early marriage, lack of communication between parents and adolescents about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues, 20 educational level of the teenagers, 21 and family history of teenage pregnancy. In the process of physical, mental, and psychosocial development during adolescence, various factors and circumstances can affect an adolescent's attitude, behavior, and life. To help us improve GOV.UK, wed like to know more about your visit today. Older age, lower level of education, poor economic status, and early marriage can increase the hazards of getting pregnant (Acharya, Bhattarai, Poobalan, Teijlingen, & Chapman, 2014; Pradhan et al., 2015). Education and awareness in the form of campaign, advertisements, road shows, television or radio programmes are suggested for a decline in the rate of teenage marriages and teenage pregnancies in Nepal in the days to come. Religion has shown either a negative or a positive association with adolescent pregnancy in different studies, in line with a previous systematic review (Pradhan et al., 2015). Peer pressure and inaccurate information from friends put adolescents into risks of unwanted pregnancy. From micro-to macro-level studies, several factors are found to be associated with adolescents' health, especially their pregnancy. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. This study also attempted to uncover the complex relationship between factors and teenage pregnancy. Many studies have revealed that sexual risk behaviors such as early sexual debut, and having many sexual partners are positively related to adolescent pregnancy (Goicolea, Wulff, Ohman, & Sebastian, 2009; Lion, Prata, & Stewart, 2009). A high risk pregnancy is any pregnancy that comes with increased health risks for either the pregnant parent, the fetus, or both. Studies selected for this systematic review utilized various research methods, and covered many low- and middle-income countries around the world. These conditions hinder adolescents' access to SRH services and information, while increasing risks to sexual violence, abuse, and exploitation; sexually transmitted infections (STIs); unintended. In addition, we synthesized the articles and simplified the results of each study. Pallitto C.C., Murillo V. Childhood abuse as a risk factor for adolescent pregnancy in El Salvador. The results found that the incidence of teenage pregnancy and childbearing reduced as educational levels, wealth status, and age at first sex increased. Anaemia in pregnancy was a mild public health problem in Northern Tanzania. 2). This study provides a comprehensive understanding of risk factors and protective factors for teenage pregnancy. Results of this systematic review suggest that future research needs to examine interactions among factors and study the mediating or moderating effect among various factors. Marteleto L., Lam D., Ranchhod V. Sexual behavior, pregnancy, and schooling among young people in urban South Africa. Duflo et al. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pblica/Pan American Journal of Public Health. The main risk factors were found to be the place of residence and education level of the pregnant woman. Federal Understanding of the Evidence Base, Fiscal Year 2022 Funding Opportunities Announced for Tribal Youth Programs (Funding Opportunity), GirlsHealth.gov: Overview of Birth Control, How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities, Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference, How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues, Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions, Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs, Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth. Some social risk factors for teen pregnancy include: Dating at an early age Dating older people Friends who are sexually active Poor peer relationships Pressure from peers to have sex Family Risk Factors You can't control everything about your family, but you can address some of the risk factors that might be present within it. Vogel J.P., Pileggi-Castro C., Chandra-Mouli V., Pileggi V.N., Souza J.P., Chou D. Millennium Development Goal 5 and adolescents: Looking back, moving forward. Teenage pregnancy was found to be associated with adverse outcome such as LBW, preterm delivery, small for gestational age and malformations, which was affected mainly by demographic factors (maternal ethnicity, lack of prenatal care, medical factors) and medical factors. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Magadi M.A., Agwandaf A.O. Explores risk and protective factors for child maltreatment, including young parental age, low education, single parenthood, having a large number of children, and low income. The vital statistics system in the United States has always recognized the importance of collecting information about public health, and increasing adoption of modern technology for record keeping and data exchange has resulted in faster and more accurate vital statistics reports. risk factors of teenage pregnancy, a descriptive cross-sectional study to understand the services that are needed by the at-risk youth in Nkalashane to prevent teenage pregnancy and descriptive cross-sectional study to understand the challenges faced by the facility staff to prevent teenage pregnancy. Alemayehu T., Haider J., Habte D. Determinants of adolescent fertility in Ethiopia. In a qualitative study, teenagers have complained that schools do not provide enough sex information (Mturi & Moerane, 2001). It is one of the major causes of maternal and neonatal mortality worldwide with the majority of the cases seen in the low and middle-income countries. Moreover, communication with parents could protect adolescents from childbearing (Mturi & Moerane, 2001). The United Kingdom has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Western Europe. A Powerpoint version of the teenage pregnancy prevention framework is also available to download. This research examined the relation between adolescents' perceptions of the prototypical unwed pregnant teenager (or her boy-friend) and their willingness to engage in unprotected sexual intercourse. In addition, lack of or low-quality sex education at school increases the risk of adolescent pregnancy (Mturi & Moerane, 2001; Richter & Mlambo, 2005). Lack of discussion regarding sexual issues with parents (Khethiwe, Edwards, & Thwala, 2012; Mkhwanazi, 2010) and no parents' guidance regarding sex are risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy (Richter & Mlambo, 2005). Parents' level of education is also associated with teenage pregnancy. teenage pregnant women have a higher risk for adverse birth outcomes, although most of this research has been conducted in the united states. OPP1055880 and No. Furthermore, you can find the "Troubleshooting Login Issues" section which can answer your unresolved . 1 The WHO defines adolescence as the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years. Learn more about teen pregnancy prevention efforts being supported by the federal government. To begin, society and parents must be aware of the factors that increase the likelihood of teen pregnancies. Various social and biological factors influence the odds of teenage pregnancy; these include exposure to adversity during childhood and adolescence, . Appendix ASupplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.007. For example, academic skills in pregnant and parenting teens are related to a reduced risk of rapid repeat pregnancy. Hye Won Chung, Eun Mee Kim, and Ji-Eun Lee. High chances of premature infants. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Background Adolescent pregnancies within urban resource-deprived settlements predispose young girls to adverse mental health and psychosocial adversities, notably depression. Glamorization of Pregnancy. WHO . When do laws matter? Calvert C., Baisley K., Doyle A.M., Maganja K., Changalucha J., Watson-Jones D., Ross D.A. Young people who keep using a condom are less risky to be pregnant (Toska, Cluver, Boyes, Pantelic, & Kuo, 2015). Another study in Kenya has found that living in a rural area reduces the likelihood of pregnancy (Magadi & Agwandaf, 2009; Maswikwa et al., 2015). The 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey showed that one out of 10 women between the ages 15 and 19 was childbearing. The . However, some studies have shown no association between income and pregnancy. A Brazilian study has found that adolescents are more likely to get pregnant if they have a sibling who gave birth during adolescence (Faler et al., 2013). An adolescent who is suffering from poverty might have low self-esteem due to his/her economic condition or live in conditions vulnerable to sexual abuse or violence. The possible reason for this result would be more disadvantaged students at a public school than private school due to the higher cost of private school tuition than that of public school. already built in. In addition, descriptive studies do not consider confounding factors that might affect the relationship between factors and pregnancy. GirlsHealth.gov: Overview of Birth Control Teen pregnancy proportions rise from 2% at 15 years to 27% at 19 years Provinces with the highest rates of teenage fertility are Limpopo, Northern Cape and the Free State, while the lowest rates of teenage pregnancies occur in KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate what possible risk factors, leading to teenage pregnancy, have effect among Icelandic teenage girls. Pradhan R., Wynter K., Fisher J. Adverse Effects of Teenage Pregnancy: High social and economic costs of teen pregnancy and childbearing can have short and long-term negative consequences for teen parents, their children, and their community. The under-18 conception rate has decreased for 11 years running. Through mixed-method study, quantitative research can show a clear association between factors and pregnancy while qualitative study can provide detail mechanisms or processes within associations. Furthermore, having family members who have experienced pregnancy before age 20 can affect adolescent pregnancy. Multilevel approach to adolescent pregnancy. Who are the pregnant adolescents in the poorest state capital of Brazil? Ngom P., Magadi M.A., Owuor T. Parental presence and adolescent reproductive health among the Nairobi urban poor. Depression in sub-Saharan Africa is a leading contributor to years lived with disability (YLD). Some studies have found that adolescents who spend time with peers are less likely to get pregnant (Lipovsek et al., 2002; Magadi & Agwandaf, 2009). By adopting this model, we developed a framework of a multilevel approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of adolescent pregnancy (Fig. Correlates of adolescent pregnancy in La Paz, Bolivia: Findings from a quantitative-qualitative study. His/her friends might influence him/her to engage in sex with an older rich person for economic gains. Research shows that the most important thing you can do as a parent is talk to your teen about sex. Most places developed, and underdeveloped, consider teenage pregnancy a social stigma. Duflo E., Dupas P., Kremer M. Education, HIV, and early fertility: Experimental evidence from Kenya. Social policies and programs that reduce poverty and gender inequality are crucial to this end.Risk factors can also be addressed with policy interventions that focus . Sexual risk behaviors are also risk factors in most reviews (e.g., Mmari & Blum, 2009). Thus, we need to interpret and generalize the findings cautiously. Miller K.S., Forehand R., Kotchick B.A. This web page from the CDC goes over the different types of contraception that are available, how they work, and the effectiveness of each method. This study has also found that religion is not significantly related to adolescent pregnancy. Teen pregnancy can result in a number of negative consequences. Similar to previous systematic reviews, there are consistent results for the relationship between adolescent pregnancy and its causal factors. In the first year, Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses : JSPN. Self-behavior refers to both active and passive behavior of adolescents such as sexual risk behaviors, substance use, and sexual/physical abuse. Note: This table shows the list of factors for adolescent pregnancy that are presented from 67 included studies. However, another study in the same country has concluded that adolescents living with the father appear to be a preventing factor against adolescent pregnancy compared to living with neither parent nor only with the mother (Ngom, Magadi, & Owuor, 2003). They have shown that a higher level of educational attainment or more schooling is a protective factor against pregnancy (e.g., Gupta & Mahy, 2003; Sahoo, 2011). We estimate the relationship between teenage childbearing, human capital investment, and wages in early adulthood, using a sample of women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a large. - Tristan, AccessibilityPrivacy PolicyViewers and Players. One study using data from Sub-Saharan African countries has found that being a Muslim is strongly associated with child marriage. This. Furthermore, mixed-method study with both quantitative and qualitative methods can compensate methodological weaknesses of previous studies by increasing reliability as well as showing complexity among factors. Individual risk factors found to be associated with teenage pregnancy were educational level (P=0.024, X2=7.452), age at the start of contraceptives (P=0.049, X2=7.852), siblings are. Kim M., Longhofer W., Boyle E.H., Brehm H.N. First, several studies have found that adolescents who live without both parents have a higher risk to become pregnant during adolescence (e.g., Faler et al., 2013; Goicolea et al., 2009). The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine. They include educational failures, poverty, unemployment, risky sexual behaviors and lack of supportive adult models. These factors include: Family Single parent households Single mothers' dating behaviors Lack of positive family interaction Lack of parental supervision Lack of positive parent-child communication Mother was a teen parent Peers Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. Age, not being in school, lack of formal education, being married, parental divorce, having an elder sister who had a history of teenage pregnancy, and not knowing fertile period during the menstrual cycles were the factors associated with teenage pregnancy in eastern Ethiopia. Policy makers and program officers need to plan pregnancy prevention programs by considering individual, school or community, and country level of risk factors for adolescent pregnancy. These factors also interact with each other and indirectly affect pregnancy. Girls have suffered from severe health problems and even died mainly due to maternal conditions such as pregnancy and childbearing (Patton et al., 2009). Beyene A., Muhiye A., Getachew Y., Hiruye A., Haile Mariam D., Derbew M. Assessment of the magnitude of teenage pregnancy and its associated factors among teenage females visiting Assosa General Hospital. Preventing Teen Pregnancy . A case-control study has found that young women who have experienced smoking have a higher chance of childbirth (Faler, Camara, Aerts, Alves, & Beria, 2013). Risk Factors for Teen Pregnancy - Verywell Family . A case-control study of Ecuadorian adolescents has shown a positive association between adolescent pregnancy and abuse during childhood to adolescence (Goicolea et al., 2009). Mmari and Blum (2009) have conducted a structured literature review on factors affecting adolescent reproductive health in developing countries. A thematic analysis was used to present various risk and protective factors for adolescent pregnancy. risk factors and contribute to improved well-being. Perceptions of rural teenagers on teenage pregnancy. High risk of Low Birth Weight (LBW) child. Almeida M.C., Aquino E.M. This page provides some possible factors that could create a high-risk pregnancy situation. Some related articles might not be included in the study. Babies of teenage fathers are at increased risk of premature birth, low birth weight and neonatal death independent of the mother's age. This research was supported by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States, Grant No. In future research, mixed-method that supplements the methodological weaknesses of previous studies is also recommended. The objective of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive view of factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in low- and middle-income countries by synthesizing as many related studies as possible. Some of them are: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Premature birth Effects on mother's mental health Preeclampsia Low birth weight baby Illiteracy High blood pressure Suicidal behavior Difficult labor teenage pregnancy and birth often raise the concerns of higher risks of single parenthood, economic deprivation, being dependent on social assistance, interrupted schooling, and difficulties. Causes of teenage pregnancy. On the other hand, according to another study conducted in Uganda, the Muslim religion is positively associated with childbirth compared to Protestant (Neal, Chandra-Mouli, & Chou, 2015). Based on inclusion criteria and risk of bias assessment, a total of 67 articles were retrieved for analysis. It has also been reported that adolescents who attend public schools are more likely to be pregnant than those who attend private schools (Moron-Duarte, Latorre, & Rafael Tovar, 2014). Several studies have shown that marital status is significantly associated with pregnancy during adolescence. Identifying these factors is important because it can help effectively guide teen pregnancy prevention program planning and implementation by focusing on the specific and varied needs of the youth in the community. The following is the Supplementary data to this article: aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea, bDepartment of International Studies, Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. One study in Kenya has shown that living with only the mother is a protective factor against adolescent pregnancy (Beguy et al., 2014). Methods . Data was collected on a national, Teenage pregnancy (TP) is a worldwide phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries; it is a universal problem. Other studies have shown that low self-esteem is significantly related to the higher chance of pregnancy (Kanku & Mash, 2010; Lipovsek, Karim, Gutirrez, Magnani, & Castro Gomez, 2002). Adolescents with low economic status, poverty, and smaller income are more likely to become pregnant than their counterparts (Maswikwa, Richter, Kaufman, & Nandi, 2015; McHunu, Peltzer, Tutshana, & Seutlwadi, 2012). You may switch to Article in classic view. Amoran O.E. On the other hand, Omar et al. Results: In U.S.A., according to data from Unicef, the birth rate among teenagers. Correlatos de embarazos adolescentes en La Paz, Bolivia: Resultados de un estudio cuantitativo-cualitativo. Jewkes R., Vundule C., Maforah F., Jordaan E. Relationship dynamics and teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Pregnancy among teenagers is considered high risk due to its high incidence of undesirable outcomes like LBW, prematurity, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality, etc. 2 additional risk factors include being from a single-parent home, living in a home with frequent family conflict, early sexual activity, early use of alcohol and drugs, and low self-esteem. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS). Global patterns of mortality in young people: A systematic analysis of population health data. Introduction: Teenage pregnancy is a common public health problem with global estimates of 16 million teenage births yearly. The environment outside the family such as school and community can also affect adolescents. The factors are categorized according to multilevel approach: Self-status, self-behavior, family, friends, school/community, and macro-level social, economic, and political factors (Table 3). By using this approach, we analyzed factors that previous studies discovered and how these were related to teenage pregnancy. However, that study might have a risk of selection bias because they did not consider or control confounding factors in their descriptive study. Analysis of the personal narratives of eight pregnant adolescents who attended an alternative school for pregnant teens yielded the following categories: decision making, contraceptive behavior and sexual attitudes, and future expectations. Health efforts and research on potential risk factors for teenage pregnancy is essential to the public health sector. McKinnon S., Potter J.E., Garrard-Burnett V. Adolescent fertility and religion in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in the year 2000: The role of Protestantism. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs . Family factor refers to a family structure, parental discipline, the relationship between parent and child, communication with parents, and the education or employment status of the family.
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